On Tuesday, August 16, President Joe Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 into law. According to a study by the Penn Wharton Budget Model, the federal government will spend $455 billion over the next 10 years to combat climate change and lower health care costs, which will funded from nearly $720 billion raised from new corporate taxes, improved tax collections and savings from prescription drug pricing reforms. The balance of tax revenue — $264 billion — would go toward lowering the federal deficit. PWBM is a nonpartisan research initiative that analyzes the fiscal impact of public policy.
The bill had gotten little traction until Senator Joe Manchin III (D-W. Va.) and Senate Majority leader Charles E. Schumer (D-N.Y.) proposed key changes in late July. The final version, ratified by the Senate then approved by the House of Representatives – H.R. 5376 – includes a 15% corporate minimum tax on certain large corporations, a substantial increase in IRS funding, a 1% excise tax on corporate stock buybacks that was added during negotiations with Sen. Krysten Sinema (D-Ariz.), and a two-year extension of the section 461(l) loss limitation rules for noncorporate taxpayers, which is now set to expire for tax years beginning after 2028.
Changes
The tax provisions included in the final bill generally adhere to the proposals first revealed by Sens. Manchin and Schumer on July 27, with some significant modifications.
The biggest difference between the two versions of the bill is the removal, at Sen. Sinema’s request, of a provision that would have introduced an extended five-year holding period for partnership interests held in connection with the performance of services (“carried interest”) to qualify for long-term capital gains treatment.
To replace the estimated $14 billion that would have been raised through the changes to the carried interest rules, Democrats introduced a new 1% excise tax on stock buybacks that is expected to bring in about $73 billion in revenue.
Corporate Minimum Tax
The act introduces a book minimum tax (AMT) that would impose a 15% minimum tax on “adjusted financial statement income” (AFSI) of applicable corporations over the corporate AMT foreign tax credit for the taxable year. This is effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022.
An applicable corporation’s minimum tax would be equal to the amount by which the tentative minimum tax exceeds the corporation’s regular tax for the year. The book minimum tax would increase a taxpayer’s tax only to the extent the minimum tax calculation exceeds the regular tax, as well as the base erosion and anti-abuse tax (BEAT).
An “applicable corporation” is defined as any corporation with three-year average annual AFSI that exceeds $1 billion, with the exception of an S corporation, regulated investment company or a real estate investment trust. For these purposes, a corporation must calculate its three-year average AFSI without regard to financial statement net operating losses (NOLs) but with regard to certain specified adjustments to book income, to determine if the average in any year exceeds $1 billion.
The specified adjustments include items related to related entities, foreign income, disregarded entities, federal income taxes, non-reasonable compensation, covered benefit plan amounts and tax depreciation.
The Senate added an amendment at the last minute that was introduced by Sen. John Thune (R-S.D.) during the vote-a-rama process — a time when senators may offer an unlimited number of amendments if they relate to the underlying reconciliation bill — that eliminated an expanded aggregation rule under Section 52 that would have applied with respect to the book minimum tax when there is partnership or investment fund ownership.
The bill authorizes the U.S. Treasury to issue regulations or other guidance that create a simplified set of rules for determining whether a corporation satisfies the $1 billion test ($100 million in the case of certain foreign-parented multinational groups).
Thune’s amendment precludes the application of the minimum tax to companies that reach the threshold because their income is combined with unrelated businesses under the shared ownership of an investment fund or partnership. He argued that the originally proposed rules would have snared many small businesses that accepted investment partnerships with private-equity firms during the pandemic.
The Senate also extended the excess business loss rules under IRC Section 461(l) for two additional years through tax years beginning after 2028. This CARES Act provision was originally expected to sunset after 2025 until it was extended by one year by the American Rescue Plan Act. This latest extension is expected to raise an estimated $55 billion over 10 years.
The corporate minimum tax had also been modified prior to the Senate vote — also at Sen. Sinema’s request — to reduce the effect of some depreciation rules on companies that would be subject to the minimum tax. The final bill provides that adjusted financial statement income will be reduced by tax depreciation deductions while book depreciation adjustments will be added back to AFSI.
Excise Tax
The 1% non-deductible excise tax would be imposed on the fair market value of any stock repurchased by a domestic corporation with stock traded on an established securities market. A “repurchase” is defined as a redemption under the U.S. Tax Code or other economically similar transaction, as opposed to a dividend payment to shareholders. The tax would apply to repurchases after December 31, 2022. The tax extends to certain affiliates of U.S. corporations, and specified affiliates of foreign corporations performing buybacks on behalf of their parent organization.
There are some stock repurchases that are exempt from the excise tax, including tax-free reorganizations, repurchased stock contributed to a pension plan or ESOP, or when the total annual amount of repurchases equals $1 million or less.
Provisions Not in the Bill
The bill does not include the modifications to the international tax rules changes, including amendments to the global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) rules that would be necessary to bring the GILTI regime into conformity with the OECD’s Pillar Two and the 15% global minimum tax. The implications for U.S. participation in the OECD’s global tax reform proposal are not clear at this time.
The act also does not include a provision to remove the itemized deduction cap for an individual’s state and local taxes and it does not provide for the reinstatement of the popular research expensing provision under Section 174 for research and experimental (R&E) expenditures.
Section 174 was amended by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act to require mandatory amortization of R&E expenditures incurred in taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2022. The capitalized Section 174 costs, including researchers’ salaries, overhead expenses such as rent, depreciation, utilities related to facilities used for R&D, supplies used during the research process and certain software development costs are now required to be capitalized and amortized using a straight-line methodology over five years for costs incurred in the United States or 15 years for costs occurring outside the United States.
Other Key Insights
- The Senate added a two-year extension of the excess business loss rules under Section 461(l) as an amendment to fill the revenue gap caused by the elimination of the carried interest proposal. It is interesting to note that Section 461(l) may end up as a timing difference, because any disallowed amounts convert to a net operating loss (NOL) in a subsequent year. Current NOLs carry forward indefinitely and can offset up to 80% of taxable income going forward.
- Moreover, if enacted, the House-passed Build Back Better Act would have made further substantive changes to Section 461(l) that were not included in the Senate bill, including the proposal to convert disallowed losses to Section 461(l) carryovers (not NOL carryovers) and the proposal to make Section 461(l) permanent. Finally, there is apparently no ability to accelerate the deduction of an excess business loss upon a taxable disposition of the business, giving rise to the loss unless converted to an NOL.
- Private equity funds and their portfolio companies will benefit from key changes to the bill. Specifically, the elimination of proposed changes to the existing carried interest rules is welcome news to fund managers, while changes to the rules relating to application of the corporate AMT will ensure that small, private equity-backed corporations are not subjected to this tax.
- The inclusion of depreciation deductions for purposes of calculating the AMT is another welcome change in the bill. However, the bill does not include a provision for the deduction of amortization (except for certain amortization relating to qualified wireless spectrum). As a result of the lack of amortization deductions, partners in umbrella partnership C corporation (Up-C) initial public offerings could see the value of their tax receivable benefits decrease if the public company becomes subject to the AMT.
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